Predicting Survival in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Sarah Ghonim, Michael Α. Gatzoulis, Sabine Ernst, Wei Li, James Moon, Gillian Smith, Ee Ling Heng, Jennifer Keegan, Siew Yen Ho, Karen McCarthy, Darryl F. Shore, Anselm Uebing, Aleksander Kempny, Francisco Alpendurada, Gerhard‐Paul Diller, Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Dudley J. Pennell, Sonya V. Babu‐Narayan
Abstract
This study sought to identify patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) at high risk of death and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (VA). To date there is no robust risk stratification scheme to predict outcomes in adults with rTOF. Consecutive patients were prospectively recruited for late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to define right and left ventricular (RV, LV) fibrosis in addition to proven risk markers. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Of the 550 patients (median age 32 years, 56% male), 27 died (mean follow-up 6.4 ± 5.8; total 3,512 years). Mortality was independently predicted by RVLGE extent, presence of LVLGE, RV ejection fraction ≤47%, LV ejection fraction ≤55%, B-type natriuretic peptide ≥127 ng/L, peak exercise oxygen uptake (V02) ≤17 mL/kg/min, prior sustained atrial arrhythmia, and age ≥50 years. The weighted scores for each of the preceding independent predictors differentiated a high-risk subgroup of patients with a 4.4%, annual risk of mortality (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.87; P < 0.001). The secondary endpoint (VA), a composite of life-threatening sustained ventricular tachycardia/resuscitated ventricular fibrillation/sudden cardiac death occurred in 29. Weighted scores that included several predictors of mortality and RV outflow tract akinetic length ≥55 mm and RV systolic pressure ≥47 mm Hg identified high-risk patients with a 3.7% annual risk of VA (AUC: 0.79; P < 0.001) RVLGE was heavily weighted in both risk scores caused by its strong relative prognostic value. We present a score integrating multiple appropriately weighted risk factors to identify the subgroup of patients with rTOF who are at high annual risk of death who may benefit from targeted therapy.