Systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of hypernatremia in adult hospitalized patients: impact on mortality, morbidity, and treatment-related side effects
Nuanprae Kitisin, Nattaya Raykateeraroj, Yukiko Hikasa, Larissa Bianchini, Nuttapol Pattamin, Anis Chaba, Akinori Maeda, Sofia Spano, Glenn M. Eastwood, Kyle White, Rinaldo Bellomo
Abstract
Hypernatremia is relatively common in acutely ill patients and associated with mortality. Guidelines recommend a slow rate of correction (≤ 0.5 mmol/L per hour). However, a faster correction rate may be safe and improve outcomes. To evaluate the impact of sodium correction rates on mortality and hospital length of stay and to assess types of hypernatremia treatment and treatment side effects. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases from inception to August 2024. Studies reporting sodium correction rates and clinical outcomes in hospitalized adults were included. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed mortality and hospital length of stay, with subgroup analyses exploring correction timing and severity. Treatment method and side effects were analyzed qualitatively. We reviewed 4445 articles and included 12 studies. Faster correction rates (> 0.5 mmol/L/h) overall showed no significant change in mortality and a high level of heterogeneity (OR 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.38–1.24, I 2 = 95 %). However, subgroup analyses found significantly lower mortality with faster correction of hypernatremia at the time of hospital admission (OR 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.35–0.68, I 2 = 2 %), with fast correction within the first 24 h of diagnosis (OR 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.31–0.73, I 2 = 65 %), and for severe hypernatremia (OR 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.33–0.92, I 2 = 79 %). There was no significant different in hospital length of stay by correction rate. No major neurological complications were reported when the correction rate was < 1 mmol/L/h. Faster sodium correction appears safe and may benefit patients with severe admission-related hypernatremia, particularly within the first 24 h. Further studies are needed to refine correction protocols. • Faster sodium correction rates may improve mortality in hypernatremia. • Patients with admission-related hypernatremia may benefit from faster correction. • Severe hypernatremia shows a trend towards lower mortality with faster correction. • Early faster correction within 24 h is associated with reduced mortality. • No major neurological complications with correction rates <1 mmol/L/h.