ICOE: A Lightweight Group-Consensus-Based Off-Chain Execution Model for Smart Contract-Based Industrial Applications
Dibo Xian, Xuetao Wei
Abstract
Programmable smart contracts facilitate the application of blockchain to many areas of industry, e.g., supply chains, energy, and healthcare. The off-chain execution model for blockchain smart contracts is a promising approach to achieve scalability for industrial applications, which executes each smart contract in one of the small-scale consensus groups. However, previous work based on such a model cannot efficiently handle cross-group contract transactions that involve multiple cross-group invocations between smart contracts because of the heavyweight state synchronization and repeated executions. In this article, we propose interactive consensus-based off-chain execution (ICOE), a lightweight group-consensus-based off-chain execution model, for cross-group contract transactions without the need of state synchronization and duplicate executions and also prove its correctness. The key novelty of our <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ICOE</small> is to let the invoked smart contract only executed in its residing group and only return the execution result to the invoking smart contract while leveraging the two-phase commit protocol to guarantee consistent commits across multiple groups within the same invoking smart contract transaction. We implement <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ICOE</small> and the extensive experimental results show that our <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ICOE</small> achieves a 14× improvement of throughput on average compared with the state-of-the-art model.