Neural Network Guided Evolutionary Fuzzing for Finding Traffic Violations of Autonomous Vehicles
Ziyuan Zhong, Gail E. Kaiser, Baishakhi Ray
Abstract
Self-driving cars and trucks, autonomous vehicles ( <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">av</small> s), should not be accepted by regulatory bodies and the public until they have much higher confidence in their safety and reliability — which can most practically and convincingly be achieved by testing. But existing testing methods are inadequate for checking the end-to-end behaviors of <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">av</small> controllers against complex, real-world corner cases involving interactions with multiple independent agents such as pedestrians and human-driven vehicles. While test-driving <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">av</small> s on streets and highways fails to capture many rare events, existing simulation-based testing methods mainly focus on simple scenarios and do not scale well for complex driving situations that require sophisticated awareness of the surroundings. To address these limitations, we propose a new fuzz testing technique, called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AutoFuzz</i> , which can leverage widely-used <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">av</small> simulators’ API grammars to generate semantically and temporally valid complex driving scenarios (sequences of scenes). To efficiently search for traffic violations-inducing scenarios in a large search space, we propose a constrained neural network (NN) evolutionary search method to optimize <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AutoFuzz</i> . Evaluation of our prototype on one state-of-the-art learning-based controller, two rule-based controllers, and one industrial-grade controller in five scenarios shows that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AutoFuzz</i> efficiently finds hundreds of traffic violationsin high-fidelity simulation environments. For each scenario, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AutoFuzz</i> can find on average 10-39% more unique traffic violationsthan the best-performing baseline method. Further, fine-tuning the learning-based controller with the traffic violationsfound by <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AutoFuzz</i> successfully reduced the traffic violationsfound in the new version of the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">av</small> controller software.