<p>Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of <em>vacA</em>, <em>cagA</em>, <em>iceA</em>, <em>oipA</em>, <em>cagE</em>, and <em>babA2</em> Alleles of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> Bacteria Isolated from Raw Meat</p>
Zohreh Mashak, Sedigheh Jafariaskari, Iman Alavi, Mohammadhossein Sakhaei Shahreza, Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi
Abstract
Background: Foodstuffs with animal origins, particularly meat, are likely reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori . Purpose: An existing survey was accompanied to assess phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and genotyping of vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, oipA , and babA2 alleles amongst the H. pylori bacteria recovered from raw meat. Methods: Six-hundred raw meat samples were collected and cultured. H. pylori isolates were tested using disk diffusion and PCR identification of antibiotic resistance genes and genotyping. Results: Fifty-two out of 600 (8.66%) raw meat samples were contaminated with H. pylori . Raw ovine meat (13.07%) had the uppermost contamination. H. pylori bacteria displayed the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (82.69%), erythromycin (80.76%), trimethoprim (65.38%), levofloxacin (63.46%), and amoxicillin (63.46%). All H. pylori bacteria had at least resistance toward one antibiotic, even though incidence of resistance toward more than eight antibiotics was 28.84%. Total distribution of rdxA, pbp1A, gyrA , and cla antibiotic resistance genes were 59.61%, 51.92%, 69.23%, and 65.38%, respectively. VacA s1a (84.61%), s2 (76.92%), m1a (50%), m2 (39.13%), iceA1 (38.46%), and cagA (55.76%) were the most generally perceived alleles. S1am1a (63.46%), s2m1a (53.84%), s1am2 (51.92%), and s2m2 (42.30%) were the most generally perceived genotyping patterns. Frequency of cagA- , oipA -, and babA2 - genotypes were 44.23%, 73.07%, and 80.76%, respectively. A total of 196 combined genotyping patterns were also perceived. Conclusion: The role of raw meat, particularly ovine meat, in transmission of virulent and resistant H. pylori bacteria was determined. VacA and cagA genotypes had the higher incidence. CagE-, babA2 -, and oipA- H. pylori bacteria had the higher distribution. Supplementary surveys are compulsory to originate momentous relations between distribution of genotypes, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic resistance genes. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori , antibiotic resistance, genotyping, raw meat