Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan
Zafar Iqbal Khan, Rehan Haider, Kafeel Ahmad, Muhammad Nadeem, Asma Ashfaq, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Mikhlid H. Almutairi, Naunain Mehmood, Aima Iram Batool, Hafsa Memona, Ijaz Rasool Noorka, Shahzad Akhtar, İlker Uğulu
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the edible parts of grapefruit and kinnow fruit irrigated with sewage water (SW), tube-well water (TW), and canal water (CW). Preparation of the samples used in the study for metal analysis was carried out via the wet acid digestion method. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for metal determination. According to the results, Cu concentration ranged from 0.152 to 0.754 mg/L in water, 5.254 to 41.659 mg/kg in soil, and 0.128 to 0.864 mg/kg in fruit samples. Zn concentration varied from 0.574 to 2.723 mg/L in water, 17.812 to 112.954 mg/kg in soil, and 2.658 to 42.642 mg/kg in fruit samples. Fe concentration ranged from 0.254 to 1.245 mg/L in water, 10.635 to 48.638 mg/kg in soil, and 1.062 to 7.584 mg/kg in fruit samples. Mn concentration ranged from 0.154 to 0.638 mg/L in water, 51.283 to 183.865 mg/kg in soil, and 0.136 to 1.464 mg/kg in fruit samples. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated that Cu and Mn exceeded a PLI value of one, and Zn had a PLI > 1 only in sewage water-irrigated sites. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) values for all metals were within permissible limits, indicating no immediate health risks associated with consuming these fruits.