Prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients in North American region: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sabahat Zahra, Muhammad Khurram Saleem, Khawaja Faizan Ejaz, Amna Akbar, Sarosh Khan Jadoon, Shoukat Hussain, Amir Iqbal Ali, Mehzabeen Ifty, Sadia Zafur Jannati, F.Haerer Armin, Deepannita Sarker, Dewan Zubaer Islam, Shahad Saif Khandker, Mohammad Saleem Khan, Sarosh Alvi
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nephropathy is one of the most common microvascular impediments of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of nephropathy in diabetic patients across the North American region. METHODS: Eligible studies were screened out from 3 electronic databases, for example, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using specific search keywords based on the eligibility criteria. Extracting the data from the included studies publication bias, quality assessment, outlier investigation, and meta-analysis was done followed by the subgroup analysis. A total of 11 studies met the study inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed with the extracted data. RESULTS: Pooled prevalence of 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.7-36.7) with a high rate of heterogeneity (I2 = 100%) was identified. The pooled prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients in the United States of America, Canada, and Mexico was 24.2% (95% CI: 13.8-34.5), 31.2% (95% CI: 25.8-36.5), and 31.1% (95% CI: 20.8-41.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients was found lower in the United States of America as compared to Canada and Mexico. Besides, the pooled prevalence of the North American region was found to be lower as compared to the African, European, and Asian regions. Minimizing the pathogenic factors, sufficient diagnostic, healthcare facilities, and awareness are recommended to improve the situation.