Passive biomonitoring for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances using invasive clams, C. fluminea
Lauren A. Koban, Tabitha King, Thomas B. Huff, Kirin E. Furst, T. Reid Nelson, Andrew Pfluger, Mrudula Meghana Kuppa, Amy E. Fowler
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of toxic manufactured chemicals in commercial and consumer products. They are resistant to environmental degradation and mobile in soil, air, and water. This study used the introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea as a passive biomonitor at sampling locations in a primary drinking water source in Virginia, USA. Many potential PFAS sources were identified in the region. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS) levels were highest downstream of an airport. The highest levels of short-chain carboxylic acids were in locations downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. Measured PFAS concentrations varied by location in C. fluminea , sediment, and surface water samples. Two compounds were detected across all three mediums. Calculated partitioning coefficients confirm bioaccumulation of PFAS in C. fluminea and sorption to sediment. C. fluminea bioaccumulated two PFAS not found in the other mediums. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and short-chain compounds dominated in clam tissue, which contrasts with findings of accumulation of longer-chain and perfluorosulfonic acids in fish. These findings suggest the potential for using bivalves to complement other organisms to better understand the bioaccumulation of PFAS and their fate and transport in a freshwater ecosystem. Compounds detected in various mediums and (b) comparison between mean concentrations of ∑PFAS values by medium. A statistical difference is indicated between sites with a common letter (Tukey's posthoc and Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni adjustment, p < 0.05. • Twelve species of PFAS were quantified across sediment, water, and C. fluminea . • Two short chain PFAS, PFHxA and PFHpA, were identified in all three mediums. • C. fluminea had highest bioaccumulation of short-chain PFSAs and FTS. • BSAF values were detected for 8:2 FTS, suggesting bioaccumulative properties.