Serum Concentrations of Emerging Vitamin D Biomarkers and Detection of Prevalent High-Risk HPV Infection in Mid-adult Women
Catherine Troja, Andrew N. Hoofnagle, Adam A. Szpiro, Joshua Stern, John Lin, Rachel L. Winer
Abstract
Abstract Background: Vitamin D has potential immunomodulating benefits in infection. One prior population-based cross-sectional study showed a protective association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) detection. Additional biomarkers present at different stages along the vitamin D metabolic pathway may more completely characterize vitamin D status but have not yet been evaluated in relation to hrHPV infection. Methods: Stored sera from women aged 30–50 years (N = 404) enrolled in an HPV natural history study from 2011–2012 were tested for 25(OH)D and 4 novel vitamin D biomarkers: 1,25(OH)2D, 24,24(OH)2D3, free vitamin D, and vitamin D–binding protein. Cross-sectional associations between vitamin D serum concentrations and cervicovaginal hrHPV detection were estimated using logistic regression. Results: 25(OH)D serum concentrations were not associated with hrHPV. After adjusting for age, race, season, education, oral contraceptive use, smoking status, body mass index, and serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, each 1 ng/mL increase in 24,25(OH)2D3 was nearly statistically significantly associated with higher likelihood of hrHPV detection [aOR = 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.97–1.52]. No significant associations were observed for other biomarkers. Conclusions: 25(OH)D serum concentrations were unassociated with prevalent hrHPV. Higher levels of one novel biomarker, 24,25(OH)2D3, were positively associated with hrHPV, an unexpected finding. Impact: Inconsistent with previous findings of a protective association between 25(OH)D and prevalent hrHPV infection, these results suggest serum concentrations of 4 vitamin D biomarkers are unassociated with detection of hrHPV in mid-adult women.