Biosynthesis Regulation of Folates and Phenols in Plants
Anna Kołton, Olga Długosz-Grochowska, Renata Wojciechowska, Monika Czaja
Abstract
The latest knowledge regarding biosynthesis of folates and polyphenols is summarized, including factors modulating their accumulation in plants, with particular emphasis on light quality and quantity. Folates, essential elements in one-carbon metabolism, are required for several reactions important for the regulation of gene and protein expression, as well as lipid, chlorophyll, and lignin biosynthesis. Phenolic compounds play a pivotal role in the responses to certain stress conditions and function as reactive species scavengers, contributing to the maintenance of redox homeostasis in cells. These compounds are also essential for humans, and they are optimally absorbed via the consumption of plant-based foods. Light is a source of energy that triggers the light-phase reactions of photosynthesis in plants, but it also regulates the synthesis and accumulation of many metabolites, including folates and polyphenolic compounds, which are important for normal function. The use of adequate light conditions during the production of fruits and vegetables may contribute to an increase in the biological value of crops consumed as food. The potential role of artificial light in enhancing the folate and polyphenol content of food crops during cultivation and future perspectives of its use are also discussed.