Rapid Protoplanet Formation in Vortices: Three-dimensional Local Simulations with Self-gravity
Wladimir Lyra, Chao‐Chin Yang, Jacob B. Simon, O. M. Umurhan, Andrew N. Youdin
Abstract
Abstract Disk vortices, seen in numerical simulations of protoplanetary disks and found observationally in Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and Very Large Array images of these objects, are promising sites for planet formation given their pebble trapping abilities. Previous works have shown a strong concentration of pebbles in vortices, but gravitational collapse has only been shown in low-resolution, two-dimensional, global models. In this Letter, we aim to study the pebble concentration and gravitational collapse of pebble clouds in vortices via high-resolution, three-dimensional, local models. We performed simulations of the dynamics of gas and solids in a local shearing box where the gas is subject to convective overstability, generating a persistent giant vortex. We find that the vortex produces objects of Moon and Mars mass, with a mass function of power-law <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.6</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> </mml:math> . The protoplanets grow rapidly, doubling in mass in about five orbits, following pebble accretion rates. The mass range and mass doubling rate are in broad agreement with previous low-resolution global models. We conclude that Mars-mass planetary embryos are the natural outcome of planet formation inside the disk vortices seen in millimeter and radio images of protoplanetary disks.