Nanochannel‐Based Poration Drives Benign and Effective Nonviral Gene Delivery to Peripheral Nerve Tissue
Jordan Moore, Christopher G. Wier, Luke R. Lemmerman, Lilibeth Ortega‐Pineda, Daniel Dodd, William Lawrence, Silvia Duarte‐Sanmiguel, Kavya Dathathreya, Ludmila Diaz‐Starokozheva, Hallie Harris, Chandan K. Sen, Ian L. Valerio, Natalia Higuita‐Castro, W. David Arnold, Stephen J. Kolb, Daniel Gallego‐Perez
Abstract
While gene and cell therapies have emerged as promising treatment strategies for various neurological conditions, heavy reliance on viral vectors can hamper widespread clinical implementation. Here, the use of tissue nanotransfection as a platform nanotechnology to drive nonviral gene delivery to nerve tissue via nanochannels, in an effective, controlled, and benign manner is explored. TNT facilitates plasmid DNA delivery to the sciatic nerve of mice in a voltage-dependent manner. Compared to standard bulk electroporation (BEP), impairment in toe-spread and pinprick response is not caused by TNT, and has limited to no impact on electrophysiological parameters. BEP, however, induces significant nerve damage and increases macrophage immunoreactivity. TNT is subsequently used to deliver vasculogenic cell therapies to crushed nerves via delivery of reprogramming factor genes Etv2, Foxc2, and Fli1 (EFF). The results indicate the TNT-based delivery of EFF in a sciatic nerve crush model leads to increased vascularity, reduced macrophage infiltration, and improved recovery in electrophysiological parameters compared to crushed nerves that are TNT-treated with sham/empty plasmids. Altogether, the results indicate that TNT can be a powerful platform nanotechnology for localized nonviral gene delivery to nerve tissue, in vivo, and the deployment of reprogramming-based cell therapies for nerve repair/regeneration.