Co-Exposure of Phenanthrene and the <i>cyp</i>-Inducer 3-Methylchrysene Leads to Altered Biotransformation and Increased Toxicity in Fish Egg and Larvae
Carey E. Donald, Elin Sørhus, Prescilla Perrichon, Charlotte L. Nakken, Anders Goksøyr, Kåre B. Jørgensen, Philipp Mayer, Denis A.M. da Silva, Sonnich Meier
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have frequently been suspected of governing crude oil toxicity because of similar morphological defects in fish. However, PAH concentrations are often not high enough to explain the observed crude oil toxicity. We hypothesize that one PAH can enhance the metabolism and toxicity of another PAH when administered as a mixture. Early life stage Atlantic haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) were in this study exposed to phenanthrene in the presence and absence of 3-methylchrysene that is known to induce the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P450 1A via cyp1a gene expression. Uptake, metabolism, and multiple toxicity endpoints were then measured in a time-course study up to 3 days post-hatching. Passive dosing provided aqueous concentrations ≈180 μg/L for phenanthrene and ≈0.6 μg/L for 3-methylchrysene, which resulted in tissue concentrations ≈60 μg/g ww for phenanthrene and ≈0.15 μg/g ww for 3-methylchrysene. The low concentration of 3-methylchrysene led to the elevated expression of cyp1a but no toxicity. Levels of phenanthrene metabolites were 5-fold higher, and morphological defects and cardiotoxicity were consistently greater when co-exposed to both compounds relative to phenanthrene alone. This work highlights the metabolic activation of PAH toxicity by a co-occurring PAH, which can lead to excess toxicity, synergistic effects, and the overproportional contribution of PAHs to crude oil toxicity.