Unraveling the Composition Profile and Ecological Risk of Triazine Herbicides and Their Transformation Products in Urban Sewage Discharge
Yingying Yang, Qing Zhang, Adrian Covaci, Yanna Liu, Yilin Xiao, Yu Xiao, Shangwei Zhang, Xiaoman Jiang, Xinghui Xia
Abstract
Triazine herbicides (THs) are used globally to control weeds in urban environments, but their transformation products (TPs) are rarely considered due to the lack of reference standards. In this study, a total of 41 TPs were found in wastewater influents and effluents of 28 municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) from six cities in China by integrating suspect screening (36 TPs), molecular networking (9 TPs), and diagnostic fragment searching (12 TPs). Among these, 36 TPs were detected for the first time in urban aquatic environments, and 28 TPs were first reported in aquatic environments. Polar THs and their TPs were only partially removed from the aqueous phase in the wastewater treatment process. Concentrations of THs and their TPs present in wastewater effluents ranged from 107 to 435 ng/L. Thus, THs and their TPs discharged from wastewater effluents pose a medium risk to freshwater algae in the receiving waters. Moreover, 4 THs (ametryne, atrazine, terbutryn, and prometryne) and 3 TPs (atrazine-desisopropyl, TP 247, and TP 258 ) pose significant risks in several effluents. Considering the persistent and mobile properties and ecological risk of THs and their TPs, these contaminants should be specifically considered in further environmental monitoring and included in the regulation.