Skin manifestations of COVID‐19 in children: Part 2
D. Andina, A. Belloni‐Fortina, Christine Bodemer, E. Bonifazi, Anca Chiriac, Isabel Colmenero, Andrea Diociaiuti, M. El‐Hachem, L. Fertitta, Dirk Van Gysel, Á. Hernández‐Martín, Thomas Hubiche, C. Luca, Luisa Martos‐Cabrera, A. Maruani, Francesco Mazzotta, Ayşe Deniz Akkaya, M. Casals, Juan Ferrando, Ramón Grimalt, Ivan Grozdev, Veronica A. Kinsler, Marie‐Anne Morren, M. Munisami, Arti Nanda, Mónica Novoa, Hagen Ott, Suzanne G.M.A. Pasmans, Carmen Sălăvăstru, Vijay Zawar, Antonio Torrelo, The ESPD Group for the Skin Manifestations of COVID‐19
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The initial recognized symptoms were respiratory, sometimes culminating in severe respiratory distress requiring ventilation, and causing death in a percentage of those infected. As time has passed, other symptoms have been recognized. The initial reports of cutaneous manifestations were from Italian dermatologists, probably because Italy was the first European country to be heavily affected by the pandemic. The overall clinical presentation, course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children differ from those in adults, as do the cutaneous manifestations of childhood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children after thorough and critical review of articles published in the literature and from the personal experience of a large panel of paediatric dermatologists in Europe. In Part 1, we discussed one of the first and most widespread cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, chilblain-like lesions. In this part of the review, we describe other manifestations, including erythema multiforme, urticaria and Kawasaki disease-like inflammatory multisystemic syndrome. In Part 3, we discuss the histological findings of COVID-19 manifestations, and the testing and management of infected children for both COVID-19 and any other pre-existing conditions.