An Analysis of the Theta‐Method for Pantograph‐Type Delay Differential Equations
Fathalla A. Rihan, Ahmed F. Rihan
Abstract
The pantograph equation arises in electrodynamics as a delay differential equation (DDE). In this article, we provide the ϑ ‐method for numerical solutions of pantograph equations. We investigate the stability conditions for the numerical schemes. The theoretical results are verified by numerical simulations. The theoretical results and numerical simulations show that implicit or partially implicit ϑ ‐methods, with ϑ > (1/2), are effective in resolving stiff pantograph problems.
Topics & Concepts
PantographNumerical analysisDifferential equationDelay differential equationNumerical stabilityStability (learning theory)Type (biology)Applied mathematicsComputer scienceMathematicsMathematical analysisEngineeringMechanical engineeringBiologyEcologyMachine learningFractional Differential Equations SolutionsElectromagnetic Simulation and Numerical MethodsNumerical methods for differential equations