Severe SARS‐CoV‐2 patients develop a higher specific T‐cell response
Julie Demaret, Guillaume Lefèvre, Fanny Vuotto, Jacques Trauet, Alain Duhamel, Julien Labreuche, Pauline Varlet, Arnaud Dendooven, Sarah Stabler, Benoît Gachet, Jules Bauer, Brigitte Prévost, Laurence Bocket, Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou, M. Lambert, Cécile Yelnik, Bertrand Meresse, Laurent Dubuquoy, David Launay, Sylvain Dubucquoi, David Montaigne, Eloïse Woitrain, François Maggiotto, Mohamed Bou Saleh, Isabelle Top, Vincent Elsermans, Emmanuelle Jeanpierre, Annabelle Dupont, Sophie Susen, Thierry Brousseau, Julien Poissy, Karine Faure, Myriam Labalette
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Assessment of the adaptive immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is crucial for studying long‐term immunity and vaccine strategies. We quantified IFNγ‐secreting T cells reactive against the main viral SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens using a standardised enzyme‐linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Methods Overlapping peptide pools built from the sequences of M, N and S viral proteins and a mix (MNS) were used as antigens. Using IFNγ T‐CoV‐Spot assay, we assessed T‐cell and antibody responses in mild, moderate and severe SARS‐CoV‐2 patients and in control samples collected before the outbreak. Results Specific T cells were assessed in 60 consecutive patients (mild, n = 26; moderate, n = 10; and severe patients, n = 24) during their follow‐up (median time from symptom onset [interquartile range]: 36 days [28;53]). T cells against M, N and S peptide pools were detected in n = 60 (100%), n = 56 (93.3%), n = 55 patients (91.7%), respectively. Using the MNS mix, IFNγ T‐CoV‐Spot assay showed a specificity of 96.7% (95% CI, 88.5–99.6%) and a specificity of 90.3% (75.2–98.0%). The frequency of reactive T cells observed with M, S and MNS mix pools correlated with severity and with levels of anti‐S1 and anti‐RBD serum antibodies. Conclusion IFNγ T‐CoV‐Spot assay is a reliable method to explore specific T cells in large cohorts of patients. This test may become a useful tool to assess the long‐lived memory T‐cell response after vaccination. Our study demonstrates that SARS‐CoV‐2 patients developing a severe disease achieve a higher adaptive immune response.