Messages for patients and relatives from the 2021 update of the guideline on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis
Johannes Ring, Kirsten Beyer, Tilo Biedermann, Andreas J. Bircher, Matthias Fischer, Thomas Fuchs, Axel R. Heller, Florian Hoffmann, Isidor Huttegger, Thilo Jakob, Ludger Klimek, Matthias Kopp, Claudia Kugler, Lars Lange, Oliver Pfaar, Ernst Rietschel, Franziska Ruëff, Sabine Schnadt, Roland Seifert, Britta Stöcker, Regina Treudler, Christian Vogelberg, Thomas Werfel, Margitta Worm, H. Sitter, Knut Brockow
Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Purpose of Review</jats:title> <jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is increasingly found to have an impact on neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarise recent findings on the association between OSA and brain morphology, cognition, and processes related to Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Recent Findings</jats:title> <jats:p>Associations between OSA and alterations in grey and white matter, brain diffusivity, and deficits in memory, attention, and executive control were reported. Furthermore, OSA was correlated with higher risks of developing AD and PD and associated pathophysiology. Treatment was found to alleviate but not reverse some of the damage.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Summary</jats:title> <jats:p>There are strong indications that OSA plays a major role in neurodegenerative processes. The broad picture however remains elusive, likely due to insufficient sample sizes, heterogeneous outcomes, and OSA definitions failing to quantify the disorder’s sub-processes. While studies resolving these issues are required, the available evidence shows OSA to be a promising target to slow neurodegeneration and delay the onset of related disorders.</jats:p> </jats:sec>