The Reproducibility of Bio-Acoustic Features is Associated With Sample Duration, Speech Task, and Gender
Shaykhah A. Almaghrabi, Dominic Thewlis, Simon Thwaites, Nigel C. Rogasch, Stephan Lau, Scott R. Clark, Mathias Baumert
Abstract
Bio-acoustic properties of speech show evolving value in analyzing psychiatric illnesses. Obtaining a sufficient speech sample length to quantify these properties is essential, but the impact of sample duration on the stability of bio-acoustic features has not been systematically explored. We aimed to evaluate bio-acoustic features' reproducibility against changes in speech durations and tasks. We extracted source, spectral, formant, and prosodic features in 185 English-speaking adults (98 w, 87 m) for reading-a-story and counting tasks. We compared features at 25% of the total sample duration of the reading task to those obtained from non-overlapping randomly selected sub-samples shortened to 75%, 50%, and 25% of total duration using intraclass correlation coefficients. We also compared the features extracted from entire recordings to those measured at 25% of the duration and features obtained from 50% of the duration. Further, we compared features extracted from reading-a-story to counting tasks. Our results show that the number of reproducible features (out of 125) decreased stepwise with duration reduction. Spectral shape, pitch, and formants reached excellent reproducibility. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), loudness, and zero-crossing rate achieved excellent reproducibility only at a longer duration. Reproducibility of source, MFCC derivatives, and voicing probability (VP) was poor. Significant gender differences existed in jitter, MFCC first-derivative, spectral skewness, pitch, VP, and formants. Around 97% of features in both genders were not reproducible across speech tasks, in part due to the short counting task duration. In conclusion, bio-acoustic features are less reproducible in shorter samples and are affected by gender.