Ductile tearing of aluminium plates: experiments and modelling
Vetle Espeseth, David Morin, Cihan Tekoğlu, Tore Børvik, Odd Sture Hopperstad
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on quasi-static ductile tearing of thin plates of the aluminium alloy AA6016 in three tempers. Depending on the temper, the main fracture mechanism in the plate tearing tests changes from grain boundary failure to coalescence of voids nucleated at the constituent particles. The experiments are complemented by nonlinear finite element simulations using an enriched Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model to describe the material response. The onset of accelerated void growth is initiated either by incipient material softening (named the softening model ) or by the occurrence of strain localization (named the localization model ). It was found that strain localization takes place at a critical porosity $$f_\text{ c }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , which depends on the current hydrostatic and deviatoric stress states. While the failure strain depends on the stress path, the critical porosity appears to be path independent. A third method is proposed (named the $$f_\text{ c }(T,L)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> model ), where a critical porosity surface $$f_\text{ c } = f_\text{ c }\left( T,L\right) $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is used to determine when accelerated void growth starts. The surface is generated beforehand by solving for strain localization under proportional stress states defined by the stress triaxiality T and the Lode parameter L . By comparing the simulations to the experiments, it was found that the localization model performed well for a wide range of stress states. The softening model does not portray dependence on the Lode parameter and is therefore less versatile. The localization model and the $$f_\text{ c }(T,L)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> model gave similar predictions, but some minor differences were observed for two of the three tempers.