Autistic Traits in Schizophrenia: Immune Mechanisms and Inflammatory Biomarkers
Maria Suprunowicz, Mateusz Zwierz, Beata Konarzewska, Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Abstract
Autistic traits-such as social communication deficits, cognitive rigidity, and repetitive behaviors-are increasingly recognized in individuals with schizophrenia, particularly in early-onset cases and subtypes with predominant negative symptoms. This overlap has prompted investigations into shared pathophysiological mechanisms. One emerging area of focus is the role of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia, which may contribute to the manifestation of autistic features. Immunological research indicates the presence of chronic low-grade inflammation, microglial activation, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier in schizophrenia. In particular, an imbalance in T-helper (Th) cell responses-specifically a shift toward Th2 dominance or concurrent Th1/Th2 activation-may lead to dysregulated cytokine production and disturbances in neural function. These findings highlight the importance of exploring immunological pathways as a basis for specific symptom profiles. Additionally, current efforts aim to identify reliable inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia that could support diagnosis, predict disease course, and guide treatment. Evaluating neuroinflammatory markers in patients with autistic features may provide novel insight into schizophrenia subtypes and help tailor immunomodulatory therapies. This review explores the expression of autistic traits in schizophrenia and examines the role of neuroinflammation and Th1/Th2 imbalance as potential mechanisms and biomarkers.