A Comprehensive Dual Current Control Scheme for Inverter-Based Resources to Enable Correct Operation of Protective Relays
Amin Banaiemoqadam, Ali Hooshyar, Maher A. Azzouz
Abstract
Directional, phase-selection, and distance elements of a relay are prone to misoperation in the presence of inverter-based resources (IBRs). To address these problems, modifications of relay elements as well as new control schemes for IBRs have been proposed in the literature. These methods focus mainly on addressing the misoperation of only one of the above relay elements. The available solutions that are based on a new control system focus only on the negative-sequence current loop. Thus, they work only for unbalanced faults. This paper proposes a comprehensive dual current control scheme for IBRs during all types of faults such that all of these relay elements operate correctly. The proposed method controls the IBR to operate as a voltage source behind a virtual impedance in the positive-sequence circuit, and a single impedance in the negative-sequence circuit, thereby emulating the phase angles of a synchronous generator's (SG's) fault current. The proposed method also maximizes the active, and reactive current generation of the IBR during faults, and emulates the incremental sequence current magnitudes of an SG. The proposed method does not require altering the relay elements. Moreover, correct operation of the relay elements is achieved regardless of the fault type, resistance, and location. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through not only simulation studies, but also hardware-in-the-loop testing of commercial relays.