Advances in nanomaterial-based immunosensors for prostate cancer screening
Rabia Khan, Fareeha Arshad, Israr U. Hassan, Gowhar A. Naikoo, Mona Zamani Pedram, Mohammed Saeedi Zedegan, Hamed Pourfarzad, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Ángel Serrano‐Aroca, Yusuf A. Haggag, Vijay Mishra, Yachana Mishra, Martin Birkett, Murtaza M. Tambuwala
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common health hazards for men worldwide, specifically in Western countries. Rapid prostate cancer screening by analyzing the prostate-specific antigen present in male serum has brought about a sharp decline in the mortality index of this disease. Immunoassay technology quantifies the target analyte in the sample using the antigen-antibody reaction. Immunoassays are now pivotal in disease diagnostics, drug monitoring, and pharmacokinetics. Recently, immunosensors have gained momentum in delivering better results with high specificity and lower limit of detection (LOD). Nanomaterials like gold, silver, and copper exhibit numerous exceptional features and their use in developing immunosensors have garnered excellent results in the diagnostic field. This review highlights the recent and different immunoassay techniques used to detect prostate-specific antigens and discusses the advances in nanomaterial-based immunosensors to detect prostate cancer efficiently. The review also explores the importance of specific biomarkers and nanomaterials-based biosensors with good selectivity and sensitivity to prostate cancer.