Multigenerational physiological compensation and body size reduction dampen the effects of warming on copepods
Carlos de Juan, Kaiene Griffell, Albert Calbet, Enric Saiz
Abstract
Abstract Under the current ocean warming scenario, multigenerational studies are essential to address possible adaptive changes in phenotypic traits of copepod populations. In this study, we exposed the calanoid copepod Paracartia grani , reared in the laboratory at 19°C, to warmer conditions (22°C and 25°C) to investigate the changes in key phenotypic traits in the 1 st , 10 th , and 11 th generations. Development rates and adult body size were inversely related to temperature in all generations. We also found a decline in copepod egg size at higher temperatures. Temperature had positive effects on the ingestion and egg production rate of females in the first generation, but the thermal response of the copepods diminished significantly in the consecutive generations. The decrease in thermal effects on feeding and egg production rates after multigenerational exposure cannot be explained only by the shrinkage in body size at warmer temperatures, but also involves the action of physiological compensation. These adaptive processes did not appear to have a significant cost on other traits, such as egg hatching success, gross growth efficiency, and sex ratio. Our findings have implications for the prediction of ocean warming effects on copepod activity rates and highlight the importance of physiological adaptation processes after multigenerational exposure.