Overview of Global Long-Distance Road Transportation of Industrial Roundwood
Kalle Kärhä, Milla Seuri, Allan Bradley, Dominik Röser, Cristian Pinto, Dian Wang, Zdravko Pandur, Jiří Dvořák, Martin Torbjørn Jørgensen, Peeter Muiste, Marek Irdla, Christophe Ginet, Patricio Miguel Mac Donagh, Thomas Purfürst, Hans-Ulrich Dietz, Raffaele Spinelli, Y. Suzuki, Hiroaki Shirasawa, Andis Lazdiņš, Rien Visser, Campbell Harvey, Dag Skjølaas, Tadeusz Moskalik, Mauricio Acuña, Grzegorz Trzciński, Stelian Alexandru Borz, Elena-Camelia Mușat, Matevž Triplat, Francois Oberholzer, Bruce Talbot, Eduardo Tolosana, Henrik von Hofsten, Anıl Orhan Akay, Borys Bakay, Christian Kanzian, Joseph Conrad, Alejandro Olivera, Vladimir Petković, Renato César Gonçalves Robert, Luis Henrique Suppi Costa, Rodrigo Coelho da Cruz, Tihomir Krumov
Abstract
The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive overview of global long-distance road transportation of industrial roundwood. The study focused on the maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) limits allowed with different timber truck configurations, typical payloads in timber trucking, the road transportation share of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume, and the average long-distance transportation distances and costs of industrial roundwood. The study was carried out as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was sent to timber transportation logistics experts and research scientists in the 30 countries with the largest industrial roundwood removals in Europe, as well as selected major forestry countries in the world (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, Türkiye, the United States of America and Uruguay) in February 2022, and closed in May 2022. A total of 31 countries took part in the survey. The survey illustrated that timber trucking was the main long-distance transportation method of industrial roundwood in almost every country surveyed. Road transportation averaged 89% of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume. Timber truck configurations of 4 to 9 axles with GVW limits of around 30 tonnes to over 70 tonnes were most commonly used. The results indicated that higher GVW limits allowed significantly higher payloads in timber trucking, with the lowest payloads at less than 25 tonnes, and the highest payloads more than 45 tonnes. The average road transportation distance with industrial roundwood was 128 km, and the average long-distance transportation cost in timber trucking was €11.1 per tonne of timber transported. In the entire survey material, there was a direct relationship between transportation distance and transportation costs and an inverse relationship between maximum GVW limits and transportation costs. Consequently, in order to reduce transportation costs, it is essential to maximise payloads (within legal limits) and minimise haul distances. Several measures to increase cost- and energy-efficiency, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road transportation logistics, are discussed in the paper. On the basis of the survey, it is recommended that up-to-date statistical data and novel research studies on the long-distance transportation of industrial roundwood be conducted in some countries in the future.