Robust Fabrication of Hybrid Lead‐Free Perovskite Pellets for Stable X‐ray Detectors with Low Detection Limit
Shujie Tie, Wei Zhao, Deyu Xin, Min Zhang, Jidong Long, Qi Chen, Xiaojia Zheng, Jianguo Zhu, Wen‐Hua Zhang
Abstract
Abstract X‐ray detectors are widely utilized in medical diagnostics and nondestructive product inspection. Halide perovskites are recently demonstrated as excellent candidates for direct X‐ray detection. However, it is still challenging to obtain high quality perovskites with millimeter‐thick over a large area for high performance, stable X‐ray detectors. Here, methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 ) polycrystalline pellets (PPs) are developed by a robust, cost effective, and scalable cold isostatic‐pressing for fabricating X‐ray detectors with low limit of detection (LoD) and superior operational stability. The MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 ‐PPs possess a high resistivity of 2.28 × 10 11 Ω cm and low dark carrier concentration of ≈10 7 cm −3 , and balanced mobility of ≈2 cm 2 V −1 s −1 for electrons and holes. These merits enable a sensitivity of 563 μC Gy air −1 cm −2 , a detection efficiency of 28.8%, and an LoD of 9.3 nGy air s −1 for MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 ‐PPs detectors, and the LoD is much lower than the dose rate required for X‐ray diagnostics used currently (5.5 μGy air s −1 ). In addition, the MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 ‐PPs detectors work stably under high working bias field up to 2000 V cm −1 after sensing an integrated dose >320 Gy air with continuous X‐ray radiation, demonstrating its competitive advantage in practical application. These findings provide an approach to explore a new generation of low LoD, stable and green X‐ray detectors based on MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 ‐PPs.