Development of a Highly Selective <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti‐malaria Activity in Humanized Mice
Wenhu Zhan, Hao Zhang, John D. Ginn, Annie Leung, Yi J. Liu, Mayako Michino, Akinori Toita, Rei Okamoto, Tzu‐Tshin Wong, Toshihiro Imaeda, Ryoma Hara, Takafumi Yukawa, Sevil Chelebieva, Patrick K. Tumwebaze, María José Lafuente-Monasterio, Maria Santos Martínez, Jérémie Vendôme, Thijs Beuming, Kenjiro Sato, Kazuyoshi Aso, Philip J. Rosenthal, Roland A. Cooper, Peter T. Meinke, Carl Nathan, Laura A. Kirkman, Gang Lin
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) inhibitors are active against Plasmodium at multiple stages-erythrocytic, gametocyte, liver, and gamete activation stages-indicating that selective Pf20S inhibitors possess the potential to be therapeutic, prophylactic, and transmission-blocking antimalarials. Starting from a reported compound, we developed a noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the malarial proteasome with high species selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The compound demonstrates specific, time-dependent inhibition of the β5 subunit of the Pf20S, kills artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates in vitro and reduces parasitemia in humanized, P. falciparum-infected mice.