How are the sense of presence and learning outcomes being investigated when using virtual reality? A 24 years systematic literature review
Aliane Loureiro Krassmann, Miguel Melo, Darque Pinto, Bruno Peixoto, Maximino Bessa, Magda Bercht
Abstract
The sense of presence is an important aspect of virtual reality experiences, being increasingly researched in educational contexts for its potential association with learning outcomes. A panorama of how these investigations have been conducted could help researchers and practitioners to harness this potential and find new directions. A systematic literature review was conducted to contribute to this perspective, with a comprehensive analysis of 140 primary studies recovered from five worldwide databases. The results show an overview of 24 years of research, with a summarization of areas, factors, and methodological approaches that have been the focus of investigation when these three variables of interest (VR, sense of presence, and learning) are together. We conclude with a list of research gaps that need to be addressed and a research agenda, identifying current and emerging challenges.