Microplastics toxicology and bioremediation strategies for a sustainable future: a comprehensive review
Haitham Al‐Madhagi
Abstract
Initially, biobased polymers were replaced by synthetic plastics due to their superior properties. However, growing concerns about the toxicity of plastics have emerged following extensive global production and reliance on single-use plastics, which contribute to significant waste and microplastics (MPs). MPs, ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, can infiltrate organisms, leading to adverse health effects through contaminated food and beverages. In response, researchers focus on degrading MPs using methods like enzymatic hydrolysis and Fenton chemistry. This review examines the classification, sources, mechanisms, and toxicity of MPs, while discussing bio-inspired degradation techniques and exploring sustainable alternatives like bioplastics.