Pulmonary perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction and persistent symptoms after pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ludovica Anna Cimini, Dieuwke Luijten, Stefano Barco, Waleed Ghanima, Øyvind Jervan, Susan R. Kahn, Stavros Konstantinides, Daniel Lachant, Yoshihisa Nakano, Maarten K. Ninaber, Josien van Es, Thijs van Mens, Anton Vonk Noordegraaf, Cecilia Becattini, Frederikus A. Klok
Abstract
Introduction: Up to 50% of pulmonary embolism (PE) patients have perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction during follow-up despite adequate anticoagulant treatment, and a similar percentage experience chronic functional limitations and/or dyspnoea post-PE. We aimed to evaluate the association between pulmonary perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction and functional recovery after PE. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies assessing both the presence of perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction and functional recovery ( i.e. persistent symptoms, quality of life, exercise endurance). An odds ratio was pooled for perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction and persistent symptoms using a random-effect model. Results: 12 studies were included totalling 1888 PE patients; at a median of 6 months after PE (range 2–72 months), 34% had perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction and 37% reported persistent symptoms. Among patients with perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction, 48% (95% CI 37–60%, I 2 =82%) remained symptomatic during follow-up, compared to 34% (95% CI 20–51%, I 2 =96%) of patients without such defects. Presence of perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction was associated with persistent symptoms (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.66–2.78; I 2 =0%, τ = 0). Notably, there was no association between these defects and quality of life or cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters. Conclusion: While the odds of having persistent symptoms was higher in patients with perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction after acute PE, a significant proportion of these patients reported no limitations. A possible causality between perfusion defects or residual vascular obstruction and residual functional limitation therefore remains to be proven.