Determination of the Gel Point of Formaldehyde-Based Wood Adhesives by Using a Multiwave Technique
Latifeh Nasseri, Catherine Rosenfeld, Pia Solt, Matthias Mihalic, Andreas Kandelbauer, Johannes Konnerth, Hendrikus W. G. van Herwijnen
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Determining the instant of gelation of formaldehyde-based wood adhesives as an assessment parameter for their curing rate is important for optimizing the curing behavior. Due to the stoichiometrically imbalanced networks of formaldehyde-based adhesives, the crossover point of storage G ′ and loss modulus G ″ cannot unconditionally be assumed as the gel point in oscillatory time sweeps as the material response is frequency-dependent. This study aims to determine the gel point of selected adhesives by the isothermal multiwave oscillatory shear test. A thorough comparison between the gel and the crossover point of G ′ and G ″ is performed. Rheokinetic analysis showed no significant difference between the activation energies calculated at the gel point determined by a multiwave test and the crossover point obtained by the time sweep test. Hence, for resins with similar curing reactions, a reliable determination of gel point by applying a multiwave test is needed for a comparison of their reactivity.