Engineering a pH/Glutathione-Responsive Tea Polyphenol Nanodevice as an Apoptosis/Ferroptosis-Inducing Agent
Min Mu, Yuelong Wang, Shasha Zhao, Xiaoling Li, Rangrang Fan, Mei Lan, Min Wu, Bingwen Zou, Na Zhao, Bo Han, Gang Guo
Abstract
Chemotherapy works against tumors by inducing cell apoptosis; however, evasion of apoptosis is recognized to result in resistance to anticancer therapy. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death pathway that differs from apoptosis in morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels. Combined ferroptosis and apoptosis may shed light on strategies for cancer treatment. Therefore, we have designed a nanoparticle (NP) that can simultaneously cause tumor cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. This NP is composed of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Fe3+ through a simple and green process and can be used to deliver doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and iron ions to the tumor site at the same time. DOX/Fe3+/EGCG (DF) NPs display a great resolubility and long-term storage stability, and efficient DOX and Fe3+ release is realized after cellular internalization under the high level of glutathione and acidic nature in tumor. EGCG is likely to chemically reduce the released Fe3+ to Fe2+. The generated Fe3+/Fe2+ converts intracellular H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via the Fenton reaction. In addition, the generated •OH subsequently induces lethal ferroptosis to improve DOX-induced apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo investigations indicate that a great therapeutic effect was achieved, suggesting that the formation of the DF NP delivery system is a promising strategy to fight against tumors by an apoptosis and ferroptosis combination modality.