Metabolomic Profiles Associated With Blood Pressure Reduction in Response to the DASH and DASH-Sodium Dietary Interventions
Hyunju Kim, Lawrence J. Appel, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Kari E. Wong, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Eugene P. Rhee, Casey M. Rebholz
Abstract
Background: The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets reduced blood pressure (BP) in the DASH and DASH-Sodium trials, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We identified metabolites associated with systolic BP or diastolic BP (DBP) changes induced by dietary interventions (DASH versus control arms) in 2 randomized controlled feeding studies—the DASH and DASH-Sodium trials. Methods: Metabolomic profiling was conducted in serum and urine samples collected at the end of diet interventions: DASH (n=219) and DASH-Sodium (n=395). Using multivariable linear regression models, associations were examined between metabolites and change in systolic BP and DBP. Tested for interactions between diet interventions and metabolites were the following comparisons: (1) DASH versus control diets in the DASH trial (serum), (2) DASH high-sodium versus control high-sodium diets in the DASH-Sodium trial (urine), and (3) DASH low-sodium versus control high-sodium diets in the DASH-Sodium trial (urine). Results: Sixty-five significant interactions were identified (DASH trial [serum], 12; DASH high sodium [urine], 35; DASH low sodium [urine], 18) between metabolites and systolic BP or DBP. In the DASH trial, serum tryptophan betaine was associated with reductions in DBP in participants consuming the DASH diets but not control diets ( P interaction, 0.023). In the DASH-Sodium trial, urine levels of N-methylglutamate and proline derivatives (eg, stachydrine, 3-hydroxystachydrine, N-methylproline, and N-methylhydroxyproline) were associated with reductions in systolic BP or DBP in participants consuming the DASH diets but not control diets ( P interaction, <0.05 for all tests). Conclusions: We identified metabolites that were associated with BP lowering in response to dietary interventions. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03403166 ; Unique identifier: NCT03403166 (DASH trial). URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000608 ; Unique identifier: NCT00000608 (DASH-Sodium trial).