Enhancement of immune responses using <scp>ovalbumin‐conjugated</scp> <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> leaf polysaccharides encapsulated in a cubic <scp>liquid‐crystalline</scp> phase delivery system
Haibo Feng, Linzi Zhang, Jie Yang, Sheng Li, Feng Tang, Hangyu Li, Xinnan Zhang, Daiyan Wu, Yangyang Feng, Qianqian Liu, Ziwei Liu
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND To improve the adjuvant activity of polysaccharides from Eucommia ulmoides leaves (PsEUL) in inducing an effective immune response against ovalbumin (OVA), PsEUL were conjugated to OVA using the N ‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐ N ′‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) method. The synthesized PsEUL‐OVA was encapsulated using phytantriol and F127 to produce PsEUL‐OVA cubosomes (Cubs), a novel delivery system. The physicochemical properties and immune modulation effects of this novel delivery system were explored. RESULTS In vitro , PsEUL‐OVA/Cubs carrying large amounts of OVA were rapidly phagocytized by macrophages and upregulated macrophage proliferation, thereby stimulating cytokine production (interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐4). In vivo , PsEUL‐OVA/Cubs increased the titer of OVA‐specific antibodies (immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG2b, IgG2a and IgG1) and cytokine levels (IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐4 and interferon‐γ). In addition, the cubosomes promoted the differentiation of CD8 + and CD4 + T cells in the spleen and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). These results indicated that PsEUL‐OVA/Cubs stimulated both cellular and humoral immune responses by enhancing the phagocytic activity of DCs and macrophages and increasing the antigen presentation efficiency. CONCLUSION Collectively, the findings demonstrate that PsEUL‐antigen/Cubs can be a useful delivery vehicle with immune response‐promoting effects. Therefore, this study lays the foundation for the development of novel adjuvant–antigen delivery systems with potential applications in vaccine design. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.