When Does the Cytokine Storm Begin in COVID-19 Patients? A Quick Score to Recognize It
Stefano Cappanera, Michele Palumbo, Sherman Kwan, Giulia Priante, Lucia Assunta Martella, Lavinia Maria Saraca, Francesco Sicari, Carlo Vernelli, Cinzia Di Giuli, P. Andreani, Alessandro Mariottini, Marsilio Francucci, Emanuela Sensi, Monya Costantini, Paolo Bruzzone, Vito D’Andrea, Sara Gioia, Roberto Cirocchi, Beatrice Tiri
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has rapidly spread across the world, becoming a pandemic. The "cytokine storm" (CS) in COVID-19 leads to the worst stage of illness, and its timely control through immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and cytokine antagonists may be the key to reducing mortality. After reviewing published studies, we proposed a Cytokine Storm Score (CSs) to identify patients who were in this hyperinflammation state, and at risk of progression and poorer outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 31 patients admitted to Infectious Disease Department in "St. Maria" Hospital in Terni with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, and analyzed the "CS score" (CSs) and the severity of COVID-19. Then we conducted a prospective study of COVID-19 patients admitted after the definition of the CSscore. This is the first study that proposes and applies a new score to quickly identify COVID-19 patients who are in a hyperinflammation stage, to rapidly treat them in order to reduce the risk of intubation. CSs can accurately identify COVID-19 patients in the early stages of a CS, to conduct timely, safe, and effect administration of immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and cytokine antagonists, to prevent progression and reduce mortality.