Locking the Revolving Door: Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease
Gladys Velarde, Katia Bravo‐Jaimes, Eric Brandt, Daniel Wang, Paul Douglass, Luis R. Castellanos, Fátima Rodríguez, Latha Palaniappan, Uzoma N. Ibebuogu, Rachel M. Bond, Keith C. Ferdinand, Gina Lundberg, Ritu Thamman, Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan, Karol E. Watson
Abstract
Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease are unjust, systematic, and preventable. Social determinants are a primary cause of health disparities, and these include factors such as structural and overt racism. Despite a number of efforts implemented over the past several decades, disparities in cardiovascular disease care and outcomes persist, pervading more the outpatient rather than the inpatient setting, thus putting racial and ethnic minority groups at risk for hospital readmissions. In this article, we discuss differences in care and outcomes of racial and ethnic minority groups in both of these settings through a review of registries. Furthermore, we explore potential factors that connote a revolving door phenomenon for those whose adverse outpatient environment puts them at risk for hospital readmissions. Additionally, we review promising strategies, as well as actionable items at the policy, clinical, and educational levels aimed at locking this revolving door.