Ba/Ca profiles in shells of Pecten maximus – A proxy for specific primary producers rather than bulk phytoplankton
Lukas Fröhlich, Valentin Siebert, Eric Otto Walliser, Julien Thébault, Klaus Peter Jochum, Laurent Chauvaud, Bernd R. Schöne
Abstract
Molar barium-to‑calcium ratios in bivalve shells (Ba/Cashell) have been proposed in a variety of studies to serve as a potential proxy for the reconstruction of phytoplankton dynamics. However, the link between phytoplankton and Ba/Cashell profiles remains unclear and needs to be deciphered more accurately. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between Ba/Cashell peaks and specific phytoplankton species, and assessed the applicability of Ba/Cashell ratios as a species-specific phytoplankton proxy. The timing of peaks in highly resolved Ba/Cashell time-series in Pecten maximus shells (Bay of Brest, France) from two years (2011, 2012) were compared to the chlorophyll a concentration and the occurrence of individual diatom and dinoflagellate species. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations were used to approximate a species-specific contribution to the measured Ba/Cashell peaks. The results clearly demonstrated that the Ba/Cashell profiles cannot be explained either by the chlorophyll a concentration nor by the total diatom or dinoflagellate abundance. Instead, time-series of specific phytoplankton, especially diatoms, revealed a high degree of synchronicity with Ba/Cashell peaks when temporally lagged by 8 to 13 days (depending on species). The Monte Carlo simulations suggested that the Ba/Cashell peak heights cannot be fully explained by the observed phytoplankton cell concentration, but rather by individually weighted phytoplankton time-series, most likely caused by inter-species differences such as cell size and chemical ability to adsorb Ba. Moreover, the approximated species-specific weighting factors agreed well between the studied years. According to our findings, Ba/Cashell peaks are likely associated with blooms of specific phytoplankton taxa, with a time lag of ca. one to two weeks, and the amount of cell-associated Ba varies between phytoplankton species. These conclusions provide further insights into the formation of Ba enrichments in bivalve shells and improves the applicability of Ba/Cashell profiles as a species-specific proxy of past phytoplankton dynamics.