Excited‐State Distortions Promote the Photochemical 4π‐Electrocyclizations of Fluorobenzenes via Machine Learning Accelerated Photodynamics Simulations
Jingbai Li, Steven A. Lopez
Abstract
Abstract Benzene fluorination increases chemoselectivities for Dewar‐benzenes via 4π‐disrotatory electrocyclization. However, the origin of the chemo‐ and regioselectivities of fluorobenzenes remains unexplained because of the experimental limitations in resolving the excited‐state structures on ultrafast timescales. The computational cost of multiconfigurational nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations is also currently cost‐prohibitive. We now provide high‐fidelity structural information and reaction outcome predictions with machine‐learning‐accelerated photodynamics simulations of a series of fluorobenzenes, C 6 F 6‐n H n , n=0–3, to study their S 1 →S 0 decay in 4 ns. We trained neural networks with XMS‐CASPT2(6,7)/aug‐cc‐pVDZ calculations, which reproduced the S 1 absorption features with mean absolute errors of 0.04 eV (<2 nm). The predicted nonradiative decay constants for C 6 F 4 H 2 , C 6 F 6 , C 6 F 3 H 3 , and C 6 F 5 H are 116, 60, 28, and 12 ps, respectively, in broad qualitative agreement with the experiments. Our calculations show that a pseudo Jahn–Teller distortion of fluorinated benzenes leads to an S 1 local‐minimum region that extends the excited‐state lifetimes of fluorobenzenes. The pseudo Jahn–Teller distortions reduce when fluorination decreases. Our analysis of the S 1 dynamics shows that the pseudo‐Jahn–Teller distortions promote an excited‐state cis‐trans isomerization of a π C‐C bond. We characterized the surface hopping points from our NAMD simulations and identified instantaneous nuclear momentum as a factor that promotes the electrocyclizations.