Blood pressure thresholds in pregnancy for identifying maternal and infant risk: a secondary analysis of Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) trial data
Jeffrey N. Bone, Laura A. Magee, Joel Singer, Hannah L. Nathan, Rahat Qureshi, Charfudin Sacoor, Esperança Sevene, Andrew Shennan, Mrutyunjaya B. Bellad, Shivaprasad S. Goudar, Ashalata Mallapur, Khátia Munguambe, Marianne Vidler, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Peter von Dadelszen, Mai‐Lei Woo Kinshella, Hubert Wong, Faustino Vilanculo, Anifa Valá, Ugochi V Ukah, Domena Tu, Lehana Thabane, Corsino Tchavana, Jim Thornton, John Sotunsa, Sana Sheikh, Sumedha Sharma, Nadine Schuurman, Diane Sawchuck, Amit Revankar, Farrukh Raza, Umesh Y Ramdurg, Rosa Pires, Beth A. Payne, Vivalde Nobela, Cláudio Nkumbula, Ariel Nhancolo, Zefanias Nhamirre, Geetanjali I Mungarwadi, Dulce Mulungo, Sibone Mocumbi, Craig Mitton, Mario Merialdi, Javed Memon, Analisa Matavele, Sphoorthi S Mastiholi, Ernesto Mandlate, Sónia Maculuve, Salésio Macuácua, Eusébio Macete, Marta Macamo, Mansun Lui, Jing Li, Gwyneth Lewis, Simon Lewin, Tang Lee, Ana Langer, Uday S Kudachi, Bhalachandra S. Kodkany, Marian Knight, Gudadayya S Kengapur, Avinash Kavi, Geetanjali Katageri, Chirag Kariya, Chandrappa C Karadiguddi, Namdev A Kamble, Anjali Joshi, Eileen K. Hutton, Amjad Hussain, Zahra Hoodbhoy, Narayan V Honnungar, William A. Grobman, Emília Gonçálves, Tabassum Firoz, Veronique Fillipi, Paulo Filimone, Susheela Engelbrecht, Dustin Dunsmuir, Guy A. Dumont, Sharla Drebit, France Donnay, Shafik Dharamsi, Vaibhav B Dhamanekar, Richard J. Derman, Brian A. Darlow, Silvestre Cutana, Keval S Chougala, Rogério Chiaú, Umesh Charantimath, Romano Byaruhanga, Helena Boene, Ana Ilda Biz, Cassimo Bique, Ana Pilar Betrán, Shashidhar G Bannale, Orvalho Augusto, J. Mark Ansermino, Felizarda Amose, Imran Ahmed, Olalekan O. Adetoro
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Blood pressure measurement is a marker of antenatal care quality. In well resourced settings, lower blood pressure cutoffs for hypertension are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to study the associations between blood pressure thresholds and adverse outcomes and the diagnostic test properties of these blood pressure cutoffs in low-resource settings. METHODS: We did a secondary analysis of data from 22 intervention clusters in the Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) cluster randomised trials (NCT01911494) in India (n=6), Mozambique (n=6), and Pakistan (n=10). We included pregnant women aged 15-49 years (12-49 years in Mozambique), identified in their community by trained community health workers, who had data on blood pressure measurements and outcomes. The trial was unmasked. Maximum blood pressure was categorised as: normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [sBP] <120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure [dBP] <80 mm Hg), elevated blood pressure (sBP 120-129 mm Hg and dBP <80 mm Hg), stage 1 hypertension (sBP 130-139 mm Hg or dBP 80-89 mm Hg, or both), non-severe stage 2 hypertension (sBP 140-159 mm Hg or dBP 90-109 mm Hg, or both), or severe stage 2 hypertension (sBP ≥160 mm Hg or dBP ≥110 mm Hg, or both). We classified women according to the maximum blood pressure category reached across all visits for the primary analyses. The primary outcome was a maternal, fetal, or neonatal mortality or morbidity composite. We estimated dose-response relationships between blood pressure category and adverse outcomes, as well as diagnostic test properties. FINDINGS: Between Nov 1, 2014, and Feb 28, 2017, 21 069 women (6067 in India, 4163 in Mozambique, and 10 839 in Pakistan) contributed 103 679 blood pressure measurements across the three CLIP trials. Only women with non-severe or severe stage 2 hypertension, as discrete diagnostic categories, experienced more adverse outcomes than women with normal blood pressure (risk ratios 1·29-5·88). Using blood pressure categories as diagnostic thresholds (women with blood pressure within the category or any higher category vs those with blood pressure in any lower category), dose-response relationships were observed between increasing thresholds and adverse outcomes, but likelihood ratios were informative only for severe stage 2 hypertension and maternal CNS events (likelihood ratio 6·36 [95% CI 3·65-11·07]) and perinatal death (5·07 [3·64-7·07]), particularly stillbirth (8·53 [5·63-12·92]). INTERPRETATION: In low-resource settings, neither elevated blood pressure nor stage 1 hypertension were associated with maternal, fetal, or neonatal mortality or morbidity adverse composite outcomes. Only the threshold for severe stage 2 hypertension met diagnostic test performance standards. Current diagnostic thresholds for hypertension in pregnancy should be retained. FUNDING: University of British Columbia, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.