Immunology of Osteoporosis: Relevance of Inflammatory Targets for the Development of Novel Interventions
Syed Sufian Ahmad, Faraha Ahmed, Ruhi Ali, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Sultan Alshehri, Abul Kalam Najmi, Sayeed Ahmad, Mohammad Zaki Ahmad, Javed Ahmad, Mohammad Ahmed Khan
Abstract
Osteoporosis is recognized as low bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture. It is the leading cause of fractures and consequent morbidity globally. The established pathophysiological evidence favors the endocrine factors for osteoporosis and the role of the immune system on the skeletal system has been recently identified. Due to the common developmental niche bone and immune system interactions have led to the emergence of osteoimmunology. Immune dysregulation can initiate inflammatory conditions that adversely affect bone integrity. The role of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes subsets (Th17), cannot be neglected in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Local inflammation within the bone from any cause attracts immune cells that participate in the activation of osteoclasts. This work summarizes the present knowledge of osteoimmunology in reference to osteoporosis and identifies novel targets for immunotherapy of osteoporosis.