Improvement of Global Longitudinal Strain and Myocardial Work in Type 2 Diabetes Patients on Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Therapy
Vincenzo Russo, Marco Malvezzi Caracciolo D’Aquino, Alfredo Caturano, Gabriella Scognamiglio, Enrica Pezzullo, Dario Fabiani, Carmen Del Giudice, Andreina Carbone, Roberta Bottino, Valentina Maria Caso, Gerardo Nigro, Paolo Golino, Biagio Liccardo, Antonello D’Andrea
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) are a novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents currently used among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effects of SGLT2-i inhibitors on cardiac structure and function are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the echocardiographic changing among patients with well-controlled T2DM treated with SGLT2-i in real-world setting. Thirty-five well-controlled T2DM patients (65 ± 9 years, 43.7% male) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and 35 age and sex-matched controls were included. T2DM patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation; 12-lead surface electrocardiogram; 2-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography at enrolment, before SGLT2-i administration, and at 6 months follow-up after an uninterrupted 10 mg once daily of empagliflozin (n: 21) or dapagliflozin (n: 14). Standard echocardiographic measurements, LV global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS), global wasted work, and global work efficiency were calculated. T2DM patients showed higher E\E' ratio (8.3 ± 2.5 vs. 6.3 ± 0.9; P < 0.0001 ) and lower LV-GLS (15.8 ± 8.1 vs. 22.1 ± 1.4%; P < 0.0001 ) and global myocardial work efficiency (91 ± 4 vs. 94 ± 3%; P: 0.0007 ) compared with age and sex-matched controls. At 6-month follow-up, T2DM patients showed a significant increase in LVEF (58.9 ± 3.2 vs. 62 ± 3.2; P < 0.0001 ), LV-GLS (16.2 ± 2.8 vs. 18.7 ± 2.4%; P = 0.003 ), and global work efficiency (90.3 ± 3.5 vs. 93.3 ± 3.2%; P = 0.0004 ) values; conversely, global wasted work values (161.2 ± 33.6 vs. 112.72 ± 37.3 mm Hg%; P < 0.0001 ) significantly decreased. Well-controlled T2DM patients with preserved LVEF who are treated with a SGLT2-i on top of the guidelines direct medical therapy showed a favorable cardiac remodeling, characterized by the improvement of LV-GLS and myocardial work efficiency.