NAD+ metabolism-based immunoregulation and therapeutic potential
Jiankai Fang, Wangwang Chen, Pengbo Hou, Zhanhong Liu, Muqiu Zuo, Shisong Liu, Chao Feng, Yuyi Han, Peishan Li, Yufang Shi, Changshun Shao
Abstract
Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) is a critical metabolite that acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism, and serves as a cosubstrate for non-redox NAD + -dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. NAD + metabolism can regulate functionality attributes of innate and adaptive immune cells and contribute to inflammatory responses. Thus, the manipulation of NAD + bioavailability can reshape the courses of immunological diseases. Here, we review the basics of NAD + biochemistry and its roles in the immune response, and discuss current challenges and the future translational potential of NAD + research in the development of therapeutics for inflammatory diseases, such as COVID-19.