Thermally Stable Cellulose-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Ultrahigh Charge Density Enabled by Deep Traps and Multiple Noncovalent Interactions
Feijie Wang, Yueming Hu, Chao Jia, Suyang Wang, Hao Wang, Yichi Liu, Shiqiang Ouyang, Shenzhuo Zhang, Shufeng Ma, Zhen Wu, Liqiang Wang
Abstract
Stable high-output for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in extreme environments is challenged by high charge dissipation rates and friction layer degradation at high temperatures. This study introduces a triboelectric material design that ensures stable high-output at high temperatures through a synergistic approach of multilayer noncovalent bonding and increased surface deep trap density. By grafting sulfonic acid groups onto cellulose and incorporating self-assembled molecules with large energy gaps, we significantly enhance the dielectric’s charge storage capacity and reduce charge dissipation by 82%. The modified cellulose exhibits a notable increase in deep trap density and improved mechanical properties through enhanced high-enthalpy states from noncovalent interactions. As a result, TENGs achieve an ultrahigh surface charge density of 152 μC/m 2 at 250 °C. This strategy presents a simple method for constructing TENGs with stabilized electrical output in high-temperature settings, facilitating their use as self-powered sensors in extreme conditions.