A Histological and Clinical Evaluation of Long-Term Outcomes of Bovine Bone-Derived Xenografts in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review
Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Grazia Marinelli, Irma Trilli, Gaetano Del Vecchio, Angela Di Noia, Francesco Inchingolo, Massimo Del Fabbro, Andrea Palermo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Gianna Dipalma
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bovine bone-derived xenografts are widely used in regenerative dental procedures due to their osteoconductive properties and volumetric stability. However, their long-term behavior and biological integration remain a subject of debate. This systematic review aims to critically assess the histological and clinical outcomes associated with bovine xenografts over extended follow-up periods. METHODS: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, including studies published in the English language from 2005 to 2025 for a total of 217 records, which were initially identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Wos. RESULTS: After duplicate removal, following title/abstract screening and full-text evaluation, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported on the use of bovine-derived xenografts in clinical contexts, assessing parameters such as graft integration, histological remodeling, complication incidence (e.g., chronic inflammation or foreign body reactions), and implant success rates over time. CONCLUSIONS: , are associated with favorable long-term outcomes in bone regenerative procedures, demonstrating satisfactory graft integration and implant survival rates. However, variations in study design, follow-up duration, and outcome measures warrant further high-quality, long-term randomized clinical trials to confirm these findings and guide clinical decision-making.