Characterization of laser-induced shock waves generated during infrared laser ablation of copper by the optical beam deflection method
Zia Ur Rehman, Afsar Raza, Hamza Qayyum, Shakir Ullah, S. Mahmood, A. Qayyum
Abstract
The shock waves generated during laser ablation of a copper target are investigated using the optical beam deflection method. The fluence of nanosecond pulsed infrared laser beam was in the range of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>15</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>700</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">J</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The density jumps related with the influx of the shock wave at two interaction points were detected with the help of He–Ne laser probes. In general, a supersonic shock wave is produced, which propagates through air and gradually decays into an acoustic wave. Experiments were carried out to study the impact of laser fluence and propagation distance on the shock wave velocity and pressure. The shock wave velocity varies with laser fluence as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>l</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and with propagation distance as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . These results are compared with the predictions of the theoretical models. In the investigated fluence range, shock wave pressure rises by an order of magnitude ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). We demonstrated that shock wave pressure and ablated mass can be related, yielding mass-specific shock wave pressure that increases linearly with laser fluence. We have also noticed the shock-wave-induced probe beam focusing under certain conditions, which indicates that the shock wave modifies the refractive index of the compressed layer of air. The reported results are useful for the fundamental understanding and pave the way for new applications of laser-induced shock waves.