Particulate matter exposure and non-cancerous inhalation health risk assessment of major dumpsites of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria
Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara, Casmir Zanders Akaolisa, Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru, Amarachi Udoka Nkwoada, Francis Chizoruo Ibe, Andrew Wirnkor Verla, Ikechukwu Chigozie Chukwuemeka
Abstract
Numerous particulates are released from the dumpsites in Owerri metropolis and later dispersed to other areas in the environment where they cause adverse health challenges to the inhabitants. To analyze the PM concentration, field measurements were carried out at seven major dumpsites in the Owerri Metropolis. Estimates of the possible health risks as the result of exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, etc.) were performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency human health risk assessment framework. A scenario assessment approach in which normal exposure and worst-case scenario were adopted for acute and chronic exposure periods for infants, children, and adults. The concentrations of PM 2.5 which ranged from 122.30-501.76 μg/m3 at the dumpsites exceeded the WHO 24hr annual mean maximum exposure limit. The Nigerian National Ambient Air Quality Standard allowable limit for PM10 was exceeded by most of the dumpsites. Hazard quotient > 1 was exceeded for PM 2.5 by nearly all dumpsites and is likely to cause health challenges. The results showed that under monthly conditions, both PM2.5 and PM10 concentration levels at the dumpsites have the potential to cause adverse health effects when for infants, children, and adults on acute or chronic bases. Actions should be taken to regulate such PM exposure and to raise public awareness for the inhabitants of the affected areas. In conclusion, regular monitoring is therefore needed to decrease the ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the study area.