<i>Spic</i> regulates one-carbon metabolism and histone methylation in ground-state pluripotency
Fatemeh Mirzadeh Azad, Eduard A. Struys, Victoria Wingert, Luciana Hannibal, Ken Mills, Joop H. Jansen, Daniel B. Longley, Hendrik G. Stunnenberg, Yaser Atlasi
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is of fundamental importance for stem cell and developmental biology. Here, we identify Spic , a member of the ETS family of transcription factors (TFs), as a marker of ground state pluripotency. We show that Spic is rapidly induced in ground state ESCs and in response to extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) inhibition. We find that SPIC binds to enhancer elements and stabilizes NANOG binding to chromatin, particularly at genes involved in choline/one-carbon (1C) metabolism such as Bhmt , Bhmt2 , and Dmgdh . Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments revealed that Spic controls 1C metabolism and the flux of S -adenosyl methionine to S -adenosyl-L -homocysteine (SAM-to-SAH), thereby, modulating the levels of H3R17me2 and H3K4me3 histone marks in ESCs. Our findings highlight betaine-dependent 1C metabolism as a hallmark of ground state pluripotency primarily activated by SPIC. These findings underscore the role of uncharacterized auxiliary TFs in linking cellular metabolism to epigenetic regulation in ESCs.