Electrochemical sensors: Types, applications, and the novel impacts of vibration and fluid flow for microfluidic integration
Masoud Madadelahi, Fabian O. Romero‐Soto, Rudra Kumar, Uriel Bonilla Tlaxcala, Marc Madou
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are part of a diverse and evolving world of chemical sensors that are impacted by high demand and ongoing technological advancements. Electrochemical sensors offer benefits like cost-efficiency, short response time, ease of use, good limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity, and ease of miniaturization while providing consistent analytical results. These sensors are employed in various fields, such as healthcare and diagnostics, the environment, and the food industry, to detect bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, pesticides, etc. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of electrochemical sensing techniques, with a focus on enhancing sensor performance through the integration of vibration and hydrodynamic flow in microfluidic systems. We present a structured comparison of these methods, utilizing tables to highlight the approaches most effective for performance enhancement. Additionally, we classify various electrochemical sensing applications, offering insights into the practical utilization of these two techniques for lowering the LOD. In the final section, we discuss how the integration of hydrodynamic flow and vibration influences the sensing mechanism, providing a comparative analysis of relevant studies. We also explore the potential of these techniques to facilitate the development of automated, high-throughput microfluidic platforms, thereby optimizing their functionality and efficiency. • Analyzes the impact of vibration and fluid flow on electrochemical sensor performance, highlighting their potential for enhanced functionality. • Showcases integration with microfluidics, enabling the development of automated and high-throughput systems. • Discusses various types of electrochemical sensors, detailing their specific characteristics and operational principles. • Highlights critical applications in healthcare, diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and industrial sectors, with a focus on emerging use cases. • Presents comprehensive tables summarizing the detection of biomolecules, drugs, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and pesticides for a wide range of applications.