Construction of Multiple-Component Covalent Organic Frameworks by an <i>In</i>-<i>Situ</i> Approach for Boosting Palladium Recovery from Strong Acid
Lizhen Zhong, Zhiwu Yu, Qingyun Zhang, Xuefeng Feng, Feng Luo
Abstract
Multiple-component covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show outstanding advantages in both structure and function over the common two-component COFs. Herein, we show a simple but general synthesis of multiple-component COFs through an in - situ approach. In the simplest C 4 + C 2 binary condensation system, we observed substitute-induced in - situ formed linkers and consequently a conversion from a two-component sql COF to a three-component sql -defect COF. However, in another C 4 + C 3 binary condensation system, we observed both topology- and substitute-induced in - situ formed linkers and finally a conversion from a three-component 3,4-connected COF to a two-component hcb -defect COF. Such a difference in the topology between three- and two-component COFs is very different from the established three-component COFs that show the same topology as observed in the comparable two-component COF. These new finds, as evidenced by both experimental and theoretical results, mainly originated from the steric hindrance effect. Moreover, we also disclosed a structure–function relationship among palladium recovery, substitute effect, and pore size of COFs, and one multiple-component COF was found to show benchmark performance in palladium recovery from strong acid (3 M). The results shed light on a fundamental design for a multiple-component COF and its advanced application.