The Canadian Women’s Heart Health Alliance ATLAS on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Women — Chapter 7: Sex, Gender, and the Social Determinants of Health
Colleen M. Norris, Kerri‐Anne Mullen, Heather J.A. Foulds, Shahin Jaffer, Kara Nerenberg, Martha Gulati, Nazli Parast, Nicole L. Tegg, Christine A. Gonsalves, Jasmine Grewal, Donna Hart, Anna Levinsson, Sharon L. Mulvagh
Abstract
Women vs men have major differences in terms of risk-factor profiles, social and environmental factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Women are more likely than men to experience health issues that are complex and multifactorial, often relating to disparities in access to care, risk-factor prevalence, sex-based biological differences, gender-related factors, and sociocultural factors. Furthermore, awareness of the intersectional nature and relationship of sociocultural determinants of health, including sex and gender factors, that influence access to care and health outcomes for women with cardiovascular disease remains elusive. This review summarizes literature that reports on under-recognized sex- and gender-related risk factors that intersect with psychosocial, economic, and cultural factors in the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of women's cardiovascular health.